Very Good: An item that has been used, but is in very good condition. No damage to the jewel case or item cover, no scuffs, scratches, cracks, or holes. The cover art and liner notes are included. The VHS or DVD box is included. The video game instructions and box are included. The teeth of the disk holder (in the DVD box) is undamaged. Minimal wear on the exterior of item. No skipping on the CD or DVD, when played. No fuzzy or snowy frames on VHS tape, when played. See the seller’s listing for full details and description of any imperfections. Genre: Drama Movie/TV Title: The Young poisoners handbook Signal Standard: PAL. Stream The Young Poisoner's Handbook online free. A sinister tale of genius gone wrong, The Young Poisoner's Handbook chronicles a young man's descent into madn. A film called The Young Poisoner's Handbook is loosely based on Young's life. In November 2005, a 16-year-old Japanese schoolgirl was arrested for poisoning her mother with thallium. She claimed to be fascinated by Young, having seen the 1995 film, and kept an online blog, similar to Young’s diary, recording dosage and reactions. Find a Various - The Young Poisoner's Handbook (Selections From The Original Film Soundtrack. Plus) first pressing or reissue. Complete your Various collection. Shop Vinyl and CDs. The Young Poisoner's Handbook - 1995 This film is based on a true story about a British teenager who allegedly poisoned family, friends, and co-workers. Graham is highly intelligent, but completely amoral.
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Starring Vivica Fox • Oct 21, 2017 • MAIN STAGE • 8:30pm Oct, 21 AWARD-WINNING WRITER, DIRECTOR & PRODUCER JE’CARYOUS JOHNSON READIES HIS NEWEST STAGE PLAY & CASTS SUPERSTAR VIVICA A. FOX TO BRING THE HIT MOVIE TWO CAN PLAY THAT GAME TO THE STAGE THIS FALL In “Two Can Play That Game” the stage play, Je’Caryous Johnson will hold true to the story that fans fell in love with 16 years ago with some new twists and turns to the plot. When it comes to matters of the heart, Shante Smith (Vivica A. Fox) is so adept at navigating the waters of romance that her girlfriends look to her for relationship advice. But soon, Shante’s own relationship becomes the example when her boyfriend, Keith, is caught red-handed stepping out with his co-worker and her archrival, Conny. However, when Shante institutes a plan full of tricks and games to get Keith to act right, he, with the help of his friend Tony, fire back with a quickness, letting Shante know that “Two Can Play That Game”. So, whether you call it a “Battle of the Sexes” or “Love and War,” “Two Can Play That Game” explores the rules of dating in a hilarious way and displays how men and women relate or don’t relate to each other. Event Description Writer/Director/Producer Je’Caryous Johnson who brought you the sold out hit play, “MARRIED BUT SINGLE,” is back with his next romantic comedy – “TWO CAN PLAY THAT GAME.” The movie you loved is now a stage play and coming to your city. “TWO CAN PLAY THAT GAME” is the comedy that proves when men start playing around, women will even the score. Hollywood Star and Queen of the Screen Vivica A. Fox reprises her role from the original movie as a relationship guru, Shante Smith and gives fans the real low down on everyday rules to relationships. Find great deals for Two Can Play That Game (DVD, 2001). Shop with confidence on eBay! Monday 10 am - 6 pm Tuesday 10 am - 6 pm Wednesday 10 am - 6 pm Thursday 10 am - 6 pm Friday 10 am - 6 pm Saturday Closed Sunday Closed Show Days 2 Hours Prior to. The stage version gives audiences the same story they fell in love with in the original movie with some new twists and turns. When it comes to matters of the heart, Shante Smith is so adept at navigating the waters of romance that her girlfriends look to her for relationship advice. But soon, Shante’s own relationship becomes the example when her boyfriend, Keith, is caught red-handed stepping out with his co-worker and her archrival, Conny. However, when Shante institutes a plan full of tricks and games to get Keith to act right, he, with the help of his friend Tony, fire back with a quickness, letting Shante know that “TWO CAN PLAY THAT GAME.” So, whether you call it a 'Battle of the Sexes” or “Love and War,” “TWO CAN PLAY THAT GAME” explores the rules of dating in a hilarious way and displays how men and women relate or don’t relate to each other. Please Note: Children under two years old are generally not permitted in the theaters. However, everyone regardless of age must have a ticket. All children must be seated with an adult. Any person disrupting a performance or inhibiting the enjoyment of an event for guests may be removed from the theater without refund. Purplemath Usually, simple polynomial factoring will be, well, fairly simple. However, there are instances when the factoring will, in a technical sense, be 'simple' (because all you're doing is taking a factor, common to all of the terms, out front), the factoring will, in an actual sense, be messy (because that common factor will be complex or large, or because there are loads of terms to consider). The only difference, really, will be in the care one needs to take — along with perhaps needing an application of the formal for finding the GCF. Explains how to find and recognize x- and y-intercepts, and some of the terminology that is used to refer to them. 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If it had worked out differently, the group of settlers that came to be known as the Donner Party would have slipped over the Sierra Nevada into California—and. Read the essential details about the history of the Donner Party. The Donner-Reed wagon train was made up of twenty vehicles and the party. Apr 14, 2016. Explore 10 key facts about one of the most gruesome episodes from the era of westward expansion. Page 28 of Patrick Breen's diary, recording his observations in late February 1847, including 'Mrs Murphy said here yesterday that thought she would commence on Milt & eat him, I dont [think] she has done so yet, it is distressing.' The Donner Party, or Donner-Reed Party, was a group of led by and who set out for in a in May 1846. They were delayed by a series of mishaps and mistakes, and spent the winter of 1846–47 snowbound in the. Some of the pioneers resorted to to survive. The journey west usually took between four and six months, but the Donner Party was slowed by following a new route called, which crossed 's and. The rugged terrain and difficulties encountered while traveling along the in present-day resulted in the loss of many cattle and wagons, and caused splits within the group. By the beginning of November 1846, the settlers had reached the Sierra Nevada where they became trapped by an early, heavy snowfall near Truckee (now ) Lake, high in the mountains. Their food supplies ran extremely low and, in mid-December, some of the group set out on foot to obtain help. Rescuers from California attempted to reach the settlers, but the first relief party did not arrive until the middle of February 1847, almost four months after the wagon train had become trapped. Of the 87 members of the party, 48 survived to reach California, many of them having eaten the dead for survival. Historians have described the episode as one of the most bizarre and spectacular tragedies in Californian history and western-US migration. An encampment of tents and covered wagons on the in Nevada, 1859 During the 1840s, the United States saw a dramatic increase in pioneers, people who left their homes in the east to settle in Oregon and California. Some, such as Patrick Breen, saw California as a place where they would be free to live in a fully Catholic culture, but many were inspired by the idea of, a philosophy which asserted that the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans belonged to European Americans and they should settle it. Most wagon trains followed the route from to the, traveling at about 15 miles (24 km) a day on a journey that usually took between four and six months. The trail generally followed rivers to, a in Wyoming, which was relatively easy for wagons to negotiate. From there, wagon trains had a choice of routes to their destination., an early immigrant from Ohio to the West, went to California in 1842 and saw the promise of the undeveloped country. To encourage settlers, he published The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California. He described a direct route across the which would bring immigrants through the and across the. Hastings had not traveled any part of his proposed shortcut until early 1846 on a trip from California to. The fort was a scant supply station run by and his partner in, Wyoming. Hastings stayed at the fort to persuade travelers to turn south on his route. As of 1846, Hastings was the second of two men documented to have crossed the southern part of the Great Salt Lake Desert, but neither had been accompanied by wagons. The most difficult part of the journey to California was the last 100 miles (160 km) across the. This mountain range contains 500 distinct peaks over 12,000 feet (3,700 m) high, and because of their height and proximity to the Pacific Ocean they receive more snow than most other ranges in North America. The eastern side of the range is also extremely steep. After leaving Missouri to cross the vast wilderness to Oregon or California, timing was crucial to ensure that wagon trains would not be bogged down by mud created by spring rains, nor by massive snowdrifts in the mountains from September onwards, and also that their horses and oxen would have enough spring grass to eat. Families [ ] In the spring of 1846, almost 500 wagons headed west from Independence. At the rear of the train, a group of nine wagons containing 32 members of the Reed and Donner families and their employees left on May 12., born in North Carolina, had gradually moved west to Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, with a one-year sojourn to Texas. In early 1846, he was about 60 years old. With him were his 44-year-old wife Tamsen and their three daughters Frances (6), Georgia (4), and Eliza (3), and George's daughters from a previous marriage: Elitha (14) and Leanna (12). George's younger brother Jacob (56) also joined the party with his wife Elizabeth (45), teenaged stepsons Solomon Hook (14) and William Hook (12), and five children: George (9), Mary (7), Isaac (6), Lewis (4), and Samuel (1). Also traveling with the Donner brothers were Hiram O. Miller (29), Samuel Shoemaker (25), Noah James (16), Charles Burger (30), John Denton (28), and Augustus Spitzer (30). James and Margret Reed, a 45-year-old native of present-day Northern Ireland, had settled in Illinois in 1831. He was accompanied by his wife Margret (32), step-daughter Virginia (13), daughter Martha Jane 'Patty' (8), sons James and Thomas (5 and 3), and Sarah Keyes, Margret Reed's 70-year-old mother, who was in the advanced stages of and died on May 28; she was buried by the side of the trail. In addition to leaving financial worries behind, Reed hoped that California's climate would help Margret, who had long suffered from ill health. The Reeds hired three men to drive the ox teams: Milford (Milt) Elliot (28), James Smith (25), and Walter Herron (25). Baylis Williams (24) went along as handyman and his sister Eliza (25) as the family's cook. Within a week of leaving Independence, the Reeds and Donners joined up with a group of 50 wagons nominally led by William H. By June 16, the company had traveled 450 miles (720 km), with 200 miles (320 km) to go before. They had been delayed by rain and a rising river, but Tamsen Donner wrote to a friend in Springfield, 'indeed, if I do not experience something far worse than I have yet done, I shall say the trouble is all in getting started.' Young Virginia Reed recalled years later that, during the first part of the trip, she was 'perfectly happy.' Several other families joined the wagon train along the way. Levinah Murphy (37), a widow from Tennessee, headed a family of thirteen. Her five youngest children were John Landrum (16), Meriam ('Mary', 14), Lemuel (12), William (10), and Simon (8). Levinah's two married daughters and their families also came along: Sarah Murphy Foster (19), her husband William M. (30) and son Jeremiah George (1); Harriet Murphy Pike (18), her husband William M. (32) and their daughters Naomi (3) and Catherine (1). William Eddy (28), a carriage maker from Illinois, brought his wife Eleanor (25) and their two children James (3) and Margaret (1). The Breen family consisted of Patrick Breen (51), a farmer from Iowa, his wife Margaret ('Peggy', 40) and seven children: John (14), Edward (13), Patrick, Jr. (9), Simon (8), James (5), Peter (3), and 11-month-old Isabelle. Their neighbor traveled with them, 40-year-old bachelor Patrick Dolan. German immigrant Lewis Keseberg (32) joined with his wife Elisabeth Philippine (22) and daughter Ada (2); son Lewis Jr. Was born on the trail. Two young single men named Spitzer and Reinhardt traveled with another German couple, the Wolfingers, who also had hired driver 'Dutch Charley' Burger. An older man named Hardkoop rode with them. Luke Halloran, a young man who seemed to get sicker with tuberculosis every day, was passed from family to family as none could spare the time or resources to care for him. Hastings Cutoff [ ] To promote his new route, Lansford W. Hastings sent riders to deliver letters to traveling emigrants. On July 12, the Reeds and Donners were given one of these letters. Hastings warned the emigrants that they could expect opposition from the Mexican authorities in California, and advised them therefore to band together in large groups. He also claimed to have 'worked out a new and better road to California', and said that he would be waiting at Fort Bridger to guide the emigrants along the new cutoff. Traveled part of the way with Donner and Reed, and in his book From Oregon and California in 1848 declared Hastings the ' of travelers in these countries'. Tamsen Donner, according to Thornton, was 'gloomy, sad, and dispirited' at the thought of turning off the main trail on the advice of Hastings, whom she considered 'a selfish adventurer'. Map of the route taken by the Donner Party, showing —which added 150 miles (240 km) to their travels—in orange. On July 20 at the Little Sandy River, most of the wagon train opted to follow the established trail via. A smaller group opted to head for Fort Bridger and needed a leader. Most of the younger males in the group were European immigrants and not considered to be ideal leaders. Reed had been living in the U.S. For a considerable time, was older, and had military experience, but his autocratic attitude had rubbed many in the party the wrong way, and they saw him as aristocratic, imperious, and ostentatious. By comparison, the mature, experienced, American-born Donner's peaceful and charitable nature made him the group's first choice. The members of the party were comfortably well off by contemporaneous standards. Although they are called pioneers, all but a few lacked specific skills and experience for traveling through mountains and arid land, and had little knowledge about how to interact with Native Americans. Journalist reached Blacks Fork a week ahead of the Donner Party. He saw the first part of the trail, and was concerned that it would be difficult for the wagons in the Donner group, especially with so many women and children. He returned to Blacks Fork to leave letters warning several members of the group not to take the shortcut. By the time the Donner Party reached Blacks Fork on July 27, Hastings had already left, leading the forty wagons of the Harlan-Young group. Jim Bridger's trading post would fare substantially better if people used the, and he told the party that the shortcut was a smooth trip, devoid of rugged country and hostile Native Americans, and would therefore shorten their journey by 350 miles (560 km). Water would be easy to find along the way, although a couple of days crossing a 30–40-mile (48–64 km) dry lake bed would be necessary. Reed was very impressed with this information, and advocated for the Hastings Cutoff. None of the party received Bryant's letters warning them to avoid Hastings' route at all costs; in his diary account, Bryant states his conviction that Bridger deliberately concealed the letters, a view shared by Reed in his later testimony. On July 31, 1846, the party left Blacks Fork after four days of rest and wagon repairs, eleven days behind the leading Harlan-Young group. Donner hired a replacement driver, and the company was joined by the McCutcheon family, consisting of 30-year-old William, his 24-year-old wife Amanda, two-year-old daughter Harriet, and a 16-year-old named Jean Baptiste Trudeau from New Mexico, who claimed to have knowledge of the Native Americans and terrain on the way to California. Wasatch Mountains [ ]. Big Cottonwood Canyon, located several miles south of the Donner route in the heart of the Wasatch mountains of Northern Utah The party turned south to follow the Hastings Cutoff. Within days, they found the terrain to be much more difficult than described, and the drivers were forced to lock the wheels of their wagons to prevent them from rolling down steep inclines. Several years of traffic on the main had left an easy and obvious path, whereas the Cutoff was more difficult to find. Hastings wrote directions and left letters stuck to trees. On August 6, the party found a letter from Hastings advising them to stop until he could show them an alternative route to that taken by the Harlan-Young Party. Reed, Charles Stanton, and William Pike rode ahead to get Hastings. They encountered exceedingly difficult canyons where boulders had to be moved and walls cut off precariously to a river below, a route likely to break wagons. Hastings had offered in his letter to guide the Donner Party around the more difficult areas, but he rode back only part way, indicating the general direction to follow. Stanton and Pike stopped to rest, and Reed returned alone to the group, arriving four days after the party's departure. Without the guide they had been promised, the group had to decide whether to turn back and rejoin the traditional trail, follow the tracks left by the Harlan-Young Party through the difficult terrain of, or forge their own trail in the direction that Hastings had recommended. At Reed's urging, the group chose the new Hastings route. Their progress slowed to about a mile and a half (2.4 km) a day, and all the able-bodied men were required to clear brush, fell trees, and heave rocks to make room for the wagons. As the Donner Party made its way across the, they were caught up by the Graves family, who had set off to find them. The Graves family consisted of 57-year-old Franklin Graves, his 47-year-old wife Elizabeth, their children Mary (20), William (18), Eleanor (15), Lovina (13), Nancy (9), Jonathan (7), Franklin, Jr. (5), Elizabeth (1), and married daughter Sarah (22), plus son-in-law Jay Fosdick (23), and a 25-year-old teamster named John Snyder, traveling together in three wagons. Their arrival brought the Donner Party to 87 members in 60–80 wagons. The Graves family had been part of the last group to leave Missouri, confirming that the Donner Party was at the back of the year's western exodus. It was August 20 by the time that they reached a point in the mountains where they could look down and see the. It took almost another two weeks to travel out of the Wasatch Mountains. The men began to argue, and doubts were expressed about the wisdom of those who had chosen this route, in particular James Reed. Food and supplies began to run out for some of the less affluent families. Stanton and Pike had ridden out with Reed but had become lost on their way back; by the time that the party found them, they were a day away from eating their horses. Great Salt Lake Desert [ ]. Luke Halloran died of tuberculosis on August 25. A few days later, the party came across a torn and tattered letter from Hastings. The pieces indicated that there were two days and nights of difficult travel ahead without grass or water. The party rested their oxen and prepared for the trip. After 36 hours they set off to traverse a 1,000-foot (300 m) mountain that lay in their path. From its peak, they saw ahead of them a dry, barren plain, perfectly flat and covered with white salt, larger than the one which they had just crossed, and 'one of the most inhospitable places on earth' according to Rarick. Their oxen were already fatigued and their water was nearly gone. The party pressed onward on August 30, having no alternative. In the heat of the day, the moisture underneath the salt crust rose to the surface and turned the soil to a gummy mass. The wheels of their wagons sank into it, in some cases up to the hubs. The days were blisteringly hot and the nights frigid. Several of the group saw visions of lakes and wagon trains, and believed that they had finally overtaken Hastings. After three days, the water was gone, and some of the party removed their oxen from the wagons to press ahead to find more. Some of the animals were so weakened they were left yoked to the wagons and abandoned. Nine of Reed's ten oxen broke free, crazed with thirst, and bolted off into the desert. Many other families' cattle and horses had also gone missing. The rigors of the journey resulted in irreparable damage to some of the wagons, but no human lives had been lost. Instead of the promised two days journey over 40 miles, the journey across the 80 miles of had taken six. None of the party had any remaining faith in the Hastings Cutoff as they recovered at the springs on the other side of the desert. They spent several days trying to recover cattle, retrieve the wagons left in the desert, and transfer their food and supplies to other wagons. Reed's family incurred the heaviest losses, and Reed became more assertive, asking all the families to submit an inventory of their goods and food to him. He suggested that two men should go to in California; he had heard that was exceedingly generous to wayward pioneers, and could assist them with extra provisions. Charles Stanton and William McCutchen volunteered to undertake the dangerous trip. The remaining serviceable wagons were pulled by mongrel teams of cows, oxen, and mules. It was the middle of September, and two young men who went in search of missing oxen reported that another 40-mile (64 km) long stretch of lay ahead. Their cattle and oxen were now exhausted and lean, but the Donner Party crossed the next stretch of desert relatively unscathed, and the journey seemed to get easier, particularly through the valley next to the. Despite their near hatred of Hastings, they had no choice but to follow his tracks, which were weeks old. On September 26, two months after embarking on the cutoff, the Donner Party rejoined the traditional trail along a stream that became known as the. The shortcut had probably delayed them by a month. Rejoining the Trail [ ] Reed banished [ ] Along the Humboldt, the group met Native Americans, who joined them for a couple of days but stole or shot several oxen and horses. By now, it was well into October, and the Donner families split off to make better time. Two wagons in the remaining group became tangled, and John Snyder angrily beat the ox of Reed's hired teamster Milt Elliott. When Reed intervened, Snyder turned the whip on him. Reed retaliated by fatally plunging a knife under Snyder's collarbone. That evening, the witnesses gathered to discuss what was to be done. United States laws were not applicable west of the Continental Divide (in what was then Mexican territory) and wagon trains often dispensed their own justice. But George Donner, the party's leader, was a full day ahead of the main wagon train with his family. Snyder had been seen to hit James Reed, and some claimed that he had also hit Margret Reed, but Snyder had been popular and Reed was not. Keseberg suggested that Reed should be hanged, but an eventual compromise allowed Reed to leave the camp without his family, who were to be taken care of by the others. Reed departed alone the next morning, unarmed, but his daughter Virginia rode ahead and secretly provided him with a rifle and food. Disintegration [ ]. The in winter The trials that the Donner Party had so far endured resulted in splintered groups, each looking out for themselves and distrustful of the others. Grass was becoming scarce, and the animals were steadily weakening. To relieve the load of the animals, everyone was expected to walk. Keseberg ejected Hardkoop from his wagon, telling the elderly man that he had to walk or die. A few days later, Hardkoop sat next to a stream, his feet so swollen that they split open, and he was not seen again. William Eddy pleaded with the others to find Hardkoop, but they all refused, swearing that they would waste no more resources on a man who was almost 70 years old. Meanwhile, Reed caught up with the Donners and went on ahead with one of his teamsters, Walter Herron. The two shared a horse, and they were able to cover 25–40 miles (40–64 km) per day. The rest of the party rejoined the Donners, but their bad luck continued. Native Americans chased away all of Graves' horses, and another wagon was left behind. With grass in short supply, the cattle spread out more, which allowed the Paiutes to steal 18 more during one evening; and several mornings later, the Paiutes shot another 21. So far, the company had lost nearly 100 oxen and cattle, and their rations were almost completely depleted. One more stretch of desert lay ahead. The Eddys' oxen had been killed by Native Americans and they were forced to abandon their wagon. The family had eaten all their stores, but the other families refused to assist their children. The Eddys were forced to walk, carrying their children and miserable with thirst. Margret Reed and her children were also now without a wagon. But the desert soon came to an end, and the party found the in beautiful lush country. They had little time to rest, and the company pressed on to cross the mountains before the snows came. Stanton found the company (one of the two-man party who had left a month earlier to seek assistance in California), and he brought mules, food, and two Native Americans named Luis and Salvador. He also brought news that Reed and Herron, although haggard and starving, had succeeded in reaching Sutter's Fort in California. By this point, according to Rarick, 'To the bedraggled, half-starved members of the Donner Party, it must have seemed that the worst of their problems had passed. They had already endured more than many emigrants ever did.' Snowbound [ ] Donner Pass [ ]. The 7,088 feet (2,160 m) high pass above Truckee Lake became blocked by early snow in November 1846 (here photographed in the 1870s). Both the pass and the lake are now called Donner. Faced with one last push over mountains that were described as much worse than the Wasatch, the ragtag company had to decide whether to forge ahead or rest their cattle. It was October 20 and they had been told that the pass would not be snowed in until the middle of November. William Pike was killed when a gun being loaded by William Foster was discharged negligently, an event that seemed to make the decision for them; family by family, they resumed their journey, first the Breens, then Kesebergs, Stanton with the Reeds, Graves, and Murphys. The Donners waited and traveled last. After a few miles of rough terrain, an axle broke on one of the Donners' wagons. Jacob and George went into the woods to fashion a replacement. George Donner sliced his hand open while chiseling the wood, but it seemed a superficial wound. Snow began to fall. The Breens made it up the 'massive, nearly vertical slope' 1,000 feet (300 m) to Truckee Lake (now known as Donner Lake), 3 miles (4.8 km) from the summit, and camped near a cabin that had been built two years earlier by another group of pioneers. The Eddys and Kesebergs joined the Breens, attempting to make it over the pass, but they found 5–10-foot (1.5–3.0 m) drifts of snow, and were unable to find the trail. They turned back for Truckee Lake and, within a day, all the families were camped there except for the Donners, who were 5 miles (8.0 km) below them—half a day's journey. Over the next few days, several more attempts were made to breach the pass with their wagons and animals, but all efforts failed. Map showing the Truckee Lake and Alder Creek sites Sixty members and associates of the Breen, Graves, Reed, Murphy, Keseberg, and Eddy families set up for the winter at Truckee Lake. Three widely separated cabins of pine logs served as their homes, with dirt floors and poorly constructed flat roofs that leaked when it rained. The Breens occupied one cabin, the Eddys and Murphys another, and Reeds and Graves the third. Keseberg built a for his family against the side of the Breen cabin. The families used canvas or oxhide to patch the faulty roofs. The cabins had no windows or doors, only large holes to allow entry. Of the 60 at Truckee Lake, 19 were men over 18, 12 were women, and 29 were children, 6 of whom were toddlers or younger. Farther down the trail, close to Alder Creek, the Donner families hastily constructed tents to house 21 people, including Mrs. Wolfinger, her child, and the Donners' drivers: 6 men, 3 women, and 12 children in all. It began to snow again on the evening of November 4—the beginning of a storm that lasted 8 days. By the time the party made camp, very little food remained from the supplies that Stanton had brought back from Sutter's Fort. The oxen began to die and their carcasses were frozen and stacked. Truckee Lake was not yet frozen, but the pioneers were unfamiliar with catching lake trout. Eddy, the most experienced hunter, killed a bear, but had little luck after that. The Reed and Eddy families had lost almost everything and Margret Reed promised to pay double when they got to California for the use of three oxen from the Graves and Breen families. Graves charged Eddy $25—normally the cost of two healthy oxen—for the carcass of an ox that had starved to death. Desperation grew in camp and some reasoned that individuals might succeed in navigating the pass where the wagons could not. On November 12, the storm abated and a small party tried to reach the summit on foot, but found the trek through the soft, deep powder too difficult, and returned that same evening. Over the next week, two more attempts were made by other small parties, but both quickly failed. On November 21, a large party of about 22 persons made an attempt and successfully reached the peak. The party traveled about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the summit, but this trip too was aborted, and they returned to the lake on November 23. Artist's rendering of the Truckee Lake camp based on descriptions by William Graves Patrick Breen began keeping a diary on November 20. He primarily concerned himself with the weather, marking the storms and how much snow had fallen, but gradually began to include references to God and religion in his entries. Life at Truckee Lake was miserable. The cabins were cramped and filthy, and it snowed so much that people were unable to go outdoors for days. Diets soon consisted of oxhide, strips of which were boiled to make a 'disagreeable' glue-like jelly. Ox and horse bones were boiled repeatedly to make soup, and they became so brittle that they would crumble upon chewing. Sometimes they were softened by being charred and eaten. Bit by bit, the Murphy children picked apart the oxhide rug that lay in front of their fireplace, roasted it in the fire, and ate it. After the departure of the snowshoe party, two-thirds of the emigrants at Truckee Lake were children. Graves was in charge of eight, and Levinah Murphy and Eleanor Eddy together took care of nine. Emigrants caught and ate mice that strayed into their cabins. Many of the people at Truckee Lake were soon weakened and spent most of their time in bed. Occasionally one would be able to make the full-day trek to see the Donners. News came that Jacob Donner and three hired men had died. One of them, Joseph Reinhardt, confessed on his deathbed that he had murdered Wolfinger. George Donner's hand had become infected, which left four men to work at the Donner camp. Margret Reed had managed to save enough food for a Christmas pot of soup, to the delight of her children, but by January they were facing starvation and considered eating the oxhides that served as their roof. Margret Reed, Virginia, Milt Elliott, and the servant girl Eliza Williams attempted to walk out, reasoning that it would be better to try to bring food back than sit and watch the children starve. They were gone for four days in the snow before they had to turn back. Their cabin was now uninhabitable; the oxhide-roof served as their food supply, and the family moved in with the Breens. The servants went to live with other families. One day, the Graves came by to collect on the debt owed by the Reeds and took the oxhides, all that the family had to eat. 'The Forlorn Hope' [ ] Members of 'The Forlorn Hope' Name Age Antonio* 23‡ Luis* 19‡ Salvador* 28‡ Charles Burger† 30‡ Patrick Dolan* 35‡ William Eddy 28‡ Jay Fosdick* 23‡ Sarah Fosdick 21 Sarah Foster 19 William Foster 30 Franklin Graves* 57 Mary Ann Graves 19 Lemuel Murphy* 12 William Murphy† 10 Amanda McCutchen 23 Harriet Pike 18 Charles Stanton* 30 * died en route † turned back before reaching pass ‡ estimated age The mountain party at Truckee Lake began to fail. Spitzer died, then Baylis Williams (a driver for the Reeds), more from malnutrition than starvation. Franklin Graves fashioned 14 pairs of out of and hide. A party of 17 men, women, and children set out on foot in an attempt to cross the mountain pass. As evidence of how grim their choices were, four of the men were fathers, and three of the women mothers who gave their young children to other women. They packed lightly, taking what had become six days' rations, a rifle, a blanket each, a hatchet, and some pistols, hoping to make their way to Bear Valley. Historian Charles McGlashan later called this snowshoe party the '. Two of those without snowshoes, Charles Burger and 10-year-old William Murphy, turned back early on. Other members of the party fashioned a pair of snowshoes for Lemuel on the first evening from one of the packsaddles that they were carrying. Charles Tyler Stanton The snowshoes proved to be awkward but effective on the arduous climb. The members of the party were neither well-nourished nor accustomed to camping in snow 12 feet (3.7 m) deep and, by the third day, most were. On the sixth day, Eddy discovered that his wife had hidden a half-pound of bear meat in his pack. The group set out again the morning of December 21; Stanton had been straggling for several days, and he remained behind, saying that he would follow shortly. His remains were found in that location the following year. The group became lost and confused. After two more days without food, Patrick Dolan proposed that one of them should volunteer to die in order to feed the others. Some suggested a duel, while another account describes an attempt to create a lottery to choose a member to sacrifice. Eddy suggested that they keep moving until someone simply fell, but a blizzard forced the group to halt. Antonio the animal handler was the first to die; Franklin Graves was the next casualty. As the blizzard progressed, Patrick Dolan, stripped off his clothes, and ran into the woods. He returned shortly afterwards and died a few hours later. Not long after, possibly because 12-year-old Lemuel Murphy was near death, some of the group began to eat flesh from Dolan's body. Lemuel's sister tried to feed some to her brother, but he died shortly afterwards. Eddy, Salvador, and Luis refused to eat. The next morning, the group stripped the muscle and organs from the bodies of Antonio, Dolan, Graves, and Murphy and dried it to store for the days ahead, taking care to ensure that nobody would have to eat his or her relatives. View of Truckee Lake from Donner Pass, taken in 1868 as the reached completion. The second relief evacuated 17 emigrants from Truckee Lake, only three of whom were adults. Both the Breen and Graves families prepared to go. Only five people remained at Truckee Lake: Keseberg, Mrs. Murphy and her son Simon, and the young Eddy and Foster children. Tamsen Donner elected to stay with her ailing husband after Reed informed her that a third relief party would arrive soon. Donner kept her daughters Eliza, Georgia, and Frances with her. The walk back to Bear Valley was very slow; at one point, Reed sent ahead two of the men to retrieve the first cache of food, expecting the third relief to come at any moment, a small party led. A violent blizzard arose after they scaled the pass. Five-year-old Isaac Donner froze to death, and Reed nearly died. Mary Donner's feet were badly burned because they were so frostbitten that she did not realize she was sleeping with them in the fire. When the storm passed, the Breen and Graves families were too apathetic and exhausted to get up and move, not having eaten for days. The relief party had no choice but to leave without them. Three members of the relief party stayed, one at Truckee Lake and two at Alder Creek. When one, Nicholas Clark, went hunting, the other two, Charles Cady and Charles Stone, made plans to return to California. Tamsen Donner arranged for them to carry three of her children to California, perhaps for $500 cash, according to Stewart. Cady and Stone took the children to Truckee Lake but then left alone, overtaking Reed and the others within days. Several days later, Clark and Trudeau agreed to leave together. When they discovered the Donner girls at Truckee Lake, they returned to Alder Creek to inform Tamsen Donner. William Foster and William Eddy, both survivors of the snowshoe party, started from Bear Valley to intercept Reed, taking with them a man named John Stark. After one day, they met Reed helping his children, all frostbitten and bleeding but alive. Desperate to rescue their own children, Foster and Eddy persuaded four men, with pleading and money, to return to Truckee Lake with them. Halfway there they found the crudely mutilated and eaten remains of two children and Mrs. Graves, with one-year-old Elizabeth Graves crying beside her mother's body. Eleven survivors were huddled around a fire that had sunk into a pit. The relief party split, with Foster, Eddy, and two others headed toward Truckee Lake. Two rescuers, hoping to save the healthiest, each took a child and left. John Stark refused to leave the others. Stark picked up two children and all the provisions, and assisted the nine remaining Breens and Graves to Bear Valley. Third relief [ ] Members rescued by third relief Name Age Eliza Donner 3 Georgia Donner 4 Frances Donner 6 Simon Murphy 8 Jean Baptiste Trudeau 16. Stumps of trees cut at the Alder Creek site by members of the Donner Party, photograph taken in 1866. The height of the stumps indicates the depth of snow. Foster and Eddy finally arrived at Truckee Lake on March 14, where they found their children dead. Keseberg told Eddy that he had eaten the remains of Eddy's son, and Eddy swore to murder Keseberg if they ever met in California. George Donner and one of Jacob Donner's children were still alive at Alder Creek. Tamsen Donner had just arrived at the Murphy cabin, and she could have walked out alone but chose to return to her husband, even though she was informed that no other relief party was likely to be coming soon. Foster and Eddy and the rest of the third relief left with four children, Trudeau, and Clark. Two more relief parties were mustered to evacuate any adults who might still be alive. Both turned back before getting to Bear Valley, and no further attempts were made. On April 10, almost a month since the third relief had left Truckee Lake, the near Sutter's Fort organized a salvage party to recover what they could of the Donners' belongings. The belongings would be sold, with part of the proceeds used to support the orphaned Donner children. The salvage party found the Alder Creek tents empty except for the body of George Donner, who had died only days earlier. On their way back to Truckee Lake, they found Lewis Keseberg alive. According to him, Mrs. Murphy had died a week after the departure of the third relief. Some weeks later, Tamsen Donner had arrived at his cabin on her way over the pass, soaked and visibly upset. Keseberg said that he put a blanket around her and told her to start out in the morning, but she died during the night. The salvage party were suspicious of Keseberg's story, and found a pot full of human flesh in the cabin along with George Donner's pistols, jewelry, and $250 in gold. They threatened to lynch Keseberg, who confessed that he had cached $273 of the Donners' money at Tamsen's suggestion, so that it could one day benefit her children. On April 29, 1847, Keseberg was the last member of the Donner Party to arrive at Sutter's Fort. Response [ ]. A more revolting or appalling spectacle I never witnessed. The remains here, by order of Gen. Kearny collected and buried under the superintendence of Major Swords. They were interred in a pit which had been dug in the centre of one of the cabins for a cache. These melancholy duties to the dead being performed, the cabins, by order of Major Swords, were fired, and with every thing surrounded them connected with this horrid and melancholy tragedy, were consumed. The body of George Donner was found at his camp, about eight or ten miles distant, wrapped in a sheet. He was buried by a party of men detailed for that purpose. Member of General 's company, June 22, 1847 News of the Donner Party's fate was spread eastward by, an elder of and journalist, who ran into the salvage party as they came down from the pass with Keseberg. Accounts of the ordeal first reached New York City in July 1847. Reporting on the event across the U.S. Was heavily influenced by the national enthusiasm for westward migration. In some papers, news of the tragedy was buried in small paragraphs despite the contemporary tendency to sensationalize stories. Several newspapers, including those in California, wrote about the cannibalism in graphic exaggerated detail. In some print accounts, the members of the Donner Party were depicted as heroes, and California a paradise worthy of significant sacrifices. Emigration to the west decreased over the following years, but it is likely that the drop in numbers was caused more by fears over the outcome of the ongoing Mexican-American War than by the cautionary tale of the Donner Party. In 1846, an estimated 1,500 people migrated to California. In 1847, the number dropped to 450 and to 400 in 1848. The spurred a sharp increase, however, and 25,000 people went west in 1849. Most of the overland migration followed the, but a few used the same route as the Donner Party and recorded descriptions about the site. In late June 1847, members of the under General buried the human remains, and partially burned two of the cabins. The few who ventured over the pass in the next few years found bones, other artifacts, and the cabin used by the Reed and Graves families. In 1891, a cache of money was found buried by the lake. It had probably been stored by Mrs. Graves, who hastily hid it when she left with the second relief so that she could return for it later. Lansford Hastings received death threats. An emigrant who crossed before the Donner Party confronted Hastings about the difficulties they had encountered, reporting: 'Of course he could say nothing but that he was very sorry, and that he meant well'. Survivors [ ] Of the 87 people who entered the Wasatch Mountains, 48 survived. Only the Reed and Breen families remained intact. The children of Jacob Donner, George Donner, and Franklin Graves were orphaned. William Eddy was alone and most of the Murphy family had died. Only three mules reached California; the remaining animals perished. Most of the Donner Party members' possessions were discarded. I have not wrote to you half the trouble we have had but I have wrote enough to let you know that you don't know what trouble is. But thank God we have all got through and the only family that did not eat human flesh. We have left everything but I don't care for that. We have got through with our lives but Don't let this letter dishearten anybody. Never take no cutoffs and hurry along as fast as you can. Virginia Reed to cousin Mary Keyes, May 16, 1847 A few of the widowed women remarried within months; brides were scarce in California. The Reeds settled in and two of the Donner children lived with them. Reed fared well in the California Gold Rush and became prosperous. Virginia wrote an extensive letter to her cousin in Illinois about 'our troubles getting to Callifornia', with editorial oversight from her father. Journalist Edwin Bryant carried it back in June 1847, and it was printed in its entirety in the Illinois Journal on December 16, 1847, with some editorial alterations. Virginia converted to Catholicism in fulfillment of a promise which she had made to herself while observing Patrick Breen pray in his cabin. The Murphy survivors lived in. The Breens made their way to where they operated an inn and became the anonymous subjects of 's story about his severe discomfort upon learning that he was staying with alleged cannibals, printed in in 1862. Many of the survivors encountered similar reactions. George and Tamsen Donner's children were taken in by an older couple near Sutter's Fort. Eliza was three years old during the winter of 1846–1847, the youngest of the Donner children. She published an account of the Donner Party in 1911, based on printed accounts and those of her sisters. The Breens' youngest daughter Isabella was one year old during the winter of 1846–1847, and was the last survivor of the Donner Party. She died in 1935. I will now give you some good and friendly advice. Stay at home,—you are in a good place, where, if sick, you are not in danger of starving to death. Mary Graves to Levi Fosdick (her sister Sarah Fosdick's father-in-law), 1847 The Graves children lived varied lives. Mary Graves married early, but her first husband was murdered. She cooked his killer's food while he was in prison to ensure that the condemned man did not starve before his hanging. One of Mary's grandchildren noted that she was very serious; Graves once said, 'I wish I could cry but I cannot. If I could forget the tragedy, perhaps I would know how to cry again.' Mary's brother William did not settle down for any significant time. Nancy Graves was nine years old during the winter of 1846–1847. She refused to acknowledge her involvement even when contacted by historians interested in recording the most accurate versions of the episode. Nancy reportedly was unable to recover from her role in the cannibalism of her brother and mother. Eddy remarried and started a family in California. He attempted to follow through on his promise to murder Lewis Keseberg, but was dissuaded by James Reed and Edwin Bryant. A year later, Eddy recollected his experiences to J. Quinn Thornton, who wrote the earliest comprehensive documentation of the episode, also using Reed's memories of his experiences. Eddy died in 1859. Keseberg brought a defamation suit against several members of the relief party who accused him of murdering Tamsen Donner. The court awarded him $1 in damages, but also made him pay court costs. An 1847 story printed in the California Star described Keseberg's actions in ghoulish terms and his near-lynching by the salvage party, reporting that he preferred eating human flesh over the cattle and horses that had become exposed in the spring thaw. Historian Charles McGlashan amassed enough material to indict Keseberg for the murder of Tamsen Donner, but after interviewing Keseberg he concluded that no murder occurred. Eliza Donner Houghton also believed Keseberg to be innocent. As Keseberg grew older, he did not venture outside, for he had become a pariah and was often threatened. He told McGlashan, 'I often think that the Almighty has singled me out, among all the men on the face of the earth, in order to see how much hardship, suffering, and misery a human being can bear!' Statue at; the top of the 22-foot (6.7 m) pedestal indicating how deep the snow was during the winter of 1846–1847. The Donner Party episode was insignificant in comparison with the hundreds of thousands of emigrants to Oregon and California, but it has served as the basis for numerous works of history, fiction, drama, poetry, and film. The attention directed at the Donner Party is made possible by reliable accounts of what occurred, according to Stewart, and the fact that 'the cannibalism, although it might almost be called a minor episode, has become in the popular mind the chief fact to be remembered about the Donner Party. For a taboo always allures with as great strength as it repels'. The appeal is that the events focused on families and ordinary people, according to Johnson, writing in 1996, instead of on rare individuals, and that the events are 'a dreadful irony that hopes of prosperity, health, and a new life in California's fertile valleys led many only to misery, hunger, and death on her stony threshold'. The site of the cabins became a tourist attraction as early as 1854. In the 1880s, Charles McGlashan began promoting the idea of a monument to mark the site of the Donner Party episode. He helped to acquire the land for a monument and, in June 1918, the statue of a pioneer family was placed on the spot where the Breen-Keseberg cabin was thought to have been, dedicated to the Donner Party. It was made a California Historical Landmark in 1934. The State of California created the in 1927. It originally consisted of 11 acres (0.045 km 2) surrounding the monument. Twenty years later, the site of the Murphy cabin was purchased and added to the park. In 1962, the Emigrant Trail Museum was added to tell the history of westward migration into California. The Murphy cabin and Donner monument were established as a in 1963. A large rock served as the back end of the fireplace of the Murphy cabin, and a bronze plaque has been affixed to the rock listing the members of the Donner Party, indicating who survived and who did not. The State of California justifies memorializing the site because the episode was 'an isolated and tragic incident of American history that has been transformed into a major folk epic'. As of 2003, the park is estimated to receive 200,000 visitors a year. Mortality [ ] Most historians count 87 members of the party, although Stephen McCurdy in the Western Journal of Medicine includes Sarah Keyes—Margret Reed's mother—and Luis and Salvador, bringing the number to 90. Five people had already died before the party reached Truckee Lake: one from tuberculosis (Halloran), three from trauma (Snyder, Wolfinger, and Pike), and one from exposure (Hardkoop). A further 34 died between December 1846 and April 1847: twenty-five males and nine females. Several historians and other authorities have studied the mortalities to determine what factors may affect survival in nutritionally deprived individuals. Of the fifteen members of the snowshoe party, eight of the ten men who set out died (Stanton, Dolan, Graves, Murphy, Antonio, Fosdick, Luis, and Salvador), but all five of the women survived. A professor at the University of Washington stated that the Donner Party episode is a 'case study of demographically-mediated natural selection in action'. The deaths at Truckee Lake, Alder Creek, and in the snowshoe party were probably caused by a combination of extended malnutrition, overwork, and exposure to cold. Several members became more susceptible to infection due to starvation, such as George Donner, but the three most significant factors in survival were age, sex, and the size of family group that each member traveled with. The survivors were on average 7.5 years younger than those who died; children aged between 6 and 14 had a much higher survival rate than infants and children under the age of 6, of whom 62.5 percent died, including the son born to the Kesebergs on the trail, or adults over the age of 35. No adults over the age of 49 survived. Deaths were 'extremely high' among males aged between 20 and 39, at more than 66 percent. Men have been found to metabolize protein faster, and women do not require as high a caloric intake. Women also store more body fat, which delays the effects of physical degradation caused by starvation and overwork. Men also tend to take on more dangerous tasks and, in this particular instance, the men were required to clear brush and engage in heavy labor before reaching Truckee Lake, adding to their physical debilitation. Those traveling with family members had a higher survival rate than bachelor males, possibly because family members more readily shared food with each other. Claims of cannibalism [ ]. Jean Baptiste Trudeau, pictured here as an adult, gave conflicting accounts of cannibalism at Alder Creek. Although some survivors disputed the accounts of cannibalism, Charles McGlashan, who corresponded with many of the survivors over a 40-year period, documented many recollections that it occurred. Some correspondents were not forthcoming, approaching their participation with shame, but others eventually spoke about it freely. McGlashan in his 1879 book History of the Donner Party declined to include some of the more morbid details – such as the suffering of the children and infants before death, or how Mrs. Murphy, according to Georgia Donner, gave up, lay down on her bed and faced the wall when the last of the children left in the third relief. He also neglected to mention any cannibalism at Alder Creek. The same year McGlashan's book was published, Georgia Donner wrote to him to clarify some points, saying that human flesh was prepared for people in both tents at Alder Creek, but to her recollection (she was four years old during the winter of 1846–1847) it was given only to the youngest children: 'Father was crying and did not look at us the entire time, and we little ones felt we could not help it. There was nothing else.' She also remembered that Elizabeth Donner, Jacob's wife, announced one morning that she had cooked the arm of Samuel Shoemaker, a 25-year-old teamster. Eliza Donner Houghton, in her 1911 account of the ordeal, did not mention any cannibalism at Alder Creek. Archaeological findings at the Alder Creek camp proved inconclusive for evidence of cannibalism. None of the bones tested at the Alder Creek cooking hearth could be conclusively identified as human. According to Rarick, only cooked bones would be preserved, and it is unlikely that the Donner Party members would have needed to cook human bones. Eliza Farnham's 1856 account of the Donner Party was based largely on an interview with Margaret Breen. Her version details the ordeals of the Graves and Breen families after James Reed and the second relief left them in the snow pit. According to Farnham, seven-year-old Mary Donner suggested to the others that they should eat Isaac Donner, Franklin Graves, Jr., and Elizabeth Graves, because the Donners had already begun eating the others at Alder Creek, including Mary's father Jacob. Margaret Breen insisted that she and her family did not cannibalize the dead, but Kristin Johnson, Ethan Rarick, and Joseph King – whose account is sympathetic to the Breen family – do not consider it credible that the Breens, who had been without food for nine days, would have been able to survive without eating human flesh. King suggests Farnham included this into her account independently of Margaret Breen. According to an account published by H. Wise in 1847, Jean Baptiste Trudeau boasted of his own heroism, but also spoke in lurid detail of eating Jacob Donner, and claimed he had eaten a baby raw. Many years later, Trudeau met Eliza Donner Houghton and denied cannibalizing anyone, which he reiterated in an interview with a St. Louis newspaper in 1891, when he was 60 years old. Houghton and the other Donner children were fond of Trudeau, and he of them, in spite of their circumstances and the fact that he eventually left Tamsen Donner alone. Author George Stewart considers Trudeau's accounting to Wise more accurate than what he told Houghton in 1884, and asserted that he deserted the Donners. Kristin Johnson, on the other hand, attributes Trudeau's interview with Wise to be a result of 'common adolescent desires to be the center of attention and to shock one's elders'; when older, he reconsidered his story, so as not to upset Houghton. Historians Joseph King and Jack Steed call Stewart's characterization of Trudeau's actions as desertion 'extravagant moralism', particularly because all members of the party were forced to make difficult choices. Ethan Rarick echoed this by writing, 'more than the gleaming heroism or sullied villainy, the Donner Party is a story of hard decisions that were neither heroic nor villainous'. See also [ ] • • • Notes [ ]. • McGlashan, Charles Fayette (1907).. • McGlashan, p. 16; Stewart, p. • Enright, John Shea (December 1954). 'The Breens of San Juan Bautista: With a Calendar of Family Papers', California Historical Society Quarterly 33 (4) pp. • Rarick, pp. • ^ Rarick, p. • ^ Rarick, p. • ^ Rarick, p. • ^ Rarick, p. 8 • ^ Dixon, p. 32 • Dixon, p. • Johnson, p. • Stewart, p. • Stewart, pp. • Johnson, pp. • ^ Andrews, Thomas F. (April 1973). Hastings and the Promotion of the Great Salt Lake Cutoff: A Reappraisal', The Western Historical Quarterly 4 (2) pp. • Johnson, p. 20 • Johnson, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. 25–27; Rarick, p. • Stewart, p. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Rarick, pp. 67–68, Johnson, p. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • ^ Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Stewart, pp. • ^ Stewart, pp. • ^ Rarick, pp. • McNeese, p. • Stewart, pp. • Johnson, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Downey, Fairfax (Autumn 1939). 'Epic of Endurance', The North American Review 248 (1) pp. • Stewart, p. • Johnson, pp. • Rarick, pp. • ^ Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Johnson, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Hardesty, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Johnson, p. • McGlashan, p. • Johnson, p. See also McGlashan letter from Leanna Donner, 1879. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • ^ 'Roster of the Donner Party' in Johnson, pp. • McGlashan pp. • Stewart, pp. • Johnson, p. 49, McGlashan, p. • ^ McGlashan, p. • Stewart, pp. • ^ Rarick, p. • Thornton, J. Quinn, excerpt from Oregon and California in 1848 (1849), published in Johnson, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Thornton, J. Quinn, excerpt from Oregon and California in 1848 (1849), published in Johnson, p. • Thornton, J. Quinn, excerpt from Oregon and California in 1848 (1849), published in Johnson, p. • ^ Rarick, p. • Thornton, J. Quinn, excerpt from Oregon and California in 1848 (1849), published in Johnson, p. • ^ Johnson, p. • Stewart, pp. • Johnson, pp. • Stewart, p. • Johnson, p. • Stewart, pp. • McGlashan, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Stewart, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • McGlashen, p. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Reed, James 'The Snow Bound Starved Emigrants of 1846 Statement by Mr. Reed, One of the Donner Company' (1871), in Johnson, p. • Rarick, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Weddell, P. (March 1945). 'Location of the Donner Family Camp', California Historical Society Quarterly 24 (1) pp. • Rarick, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Rarick, pp. • Stewart, pp. • Stewart, p. • ^ Rarick, pp. • Hardesty, p. • Dorius, Guy L. ', Nauvoo Journal 9 pp. • Stewart, pp. • Johnson, p. • Stewart, p. • Reed, Virginia (May 16, 1847), 'Letter to Mary Keyes', published in Stewart, pp. Ross, excerpt from 'A Dangerous Journey' (1862), published in Johnson, pp. 171–172, and Johnson, p. • Johnson, p. • Graves, Mary (May 22, 1847), 'Letter from California', published in Johnson, p. • Johnson, pp. • Hardesty, p. 3, Johnson, pp. • McGlashan, pp. Retrieved 2013-08-05. • Stewart, p. • Johnson, p. • State of California, p. • Rarick, pp. • State of California, p. • State of California, p. • State of California, p. • State of California, p. • ^ McCurdy, Stephen (1994)., Western Journal of Medicine, 160, pp. • ^ Grayson, Donald K. (Autumn 1990). 'Donner Party Deaths: A Demographic Assessment', Journal of Anthropological Research 46 (3) pp. • Johnson, p. • Hardesty, p. • Hardesty, p. • Hardesty, pp. • Stewart, pp. • McGlashan, p. • Stewart, p. • Dixon et al., 2010; Robbins Schug and Gray, 2011 • Rarick, p. • Farnham, Eliza, excerpt from California, In-doors and Out (1856), published in Johnson, pp. • Johnson, p. 164., Rarick, p. 213, King, pp. A., excerpt from Los Gringos (1849), published in Johnson, pp. • Stewart, p. • Johnson, p. • King, Joseph; Steed, Jack (Summer 1995). 'John Baptiste Trudeau of the Donner Party: Rascal or Hero?' , California History 74 (2) pp. Bibliography [ ]. • Bagley, Will (2010), So Rugged and So Mountainous: Blazing the Trails to Oregon and California, 1812–1848, University of Oklahoma Press, • Dixon, Kelly, Shannon Novak, Gwen Robbins, Julie Schablitsky, Richard Scott, and Guy Tasa (2010), '. American Antiquity 75(3):627–656 • Dixon, Kelly (ed) (2011). An Archaeology of Desperation: Exploring the Donner Party's Alder Creek Camp, University of Oklahoma Press. • Hardesty, Donald (1997). The Archaeology of the Donner Party, University of Nevada Press. • Johnson, Kristin (ed.)(1996). Unfortunate Emigrants: Narratives of the Donner Party, Utah State University Press. • King, Joseph (1992). Winter of Entrapment: A New Look at the Donner Party, P. Meany Company. • McGlashan, Charles (1879).: 11th edition (1918), A Carlisle & Company, San Francisco • McNeese, Tim (2009). The Donner Party: A Doomed Journey, Chelsea House Publications. • Rarick, Ethan (2008). Desperate Passage: The Donner Party's Perilous Journey West, Oxford University Press, • Rehart, Catherine Morison (2000), The Valley's Legends & Legacies III, Word Dancer Press, • Robbins Schug, Gwen and Kelsey Gray (2011), 'Bone Histology and Identification of a Starvation Diet'. In: An Archaeology of Desperation: Exploring the Donner Party's Alder Creek Camp. Dixon, K., J. Schablitsky, and S. Clark Co., University of Oklahoma Press. • State of California Park and Recreation Commission (2003),, Volume I. Retrieved March 24, 2010. • Stewart, George R. Ordeal by Hunger: The Story of the Donner Party: supplemented edition (1988), Houghton Mifflin. • Unruh, John (1993)., University of Illinois Press. Further reading [ ] • The Donner Party Chronicles: A Day-by-Day Account of a Doomed Wagon Train, 1846–1847 by Frank Mullen Jr. • The Expedition of the Donner Party and its Tragic Fate by Eliza P. Donner Houghton • Excavation of the Donner-Reed Wagons: Historic Archaeology Along the Hastings Cutoff by Bruce R. Hawkins and David B. Madsen • The Indifferent Stars Above: The Harrowing Saga of a Donner Party Bride by Daniel James Brown • The Perilous Journey of the Donner Party by Marian Calabro • Searching for Tamsen Donner by Gabrielle Burton • 'The Year of Decision: 1846' by Bernard DeVoto External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • public domain audiobook at • •, by, a member of the first rescue party • The short film is available for free download at the • — An Documentary • Daniel James Brown (August 9, 2009).. Powell's Books:. • Michael Wallis (July 9, 2017).. Booksmart Tulsa:. In mid April 1846, eight families gathered at Springfield, Il with a common goal – to find a better life beyond the Rockies. Numbering about thirty-two members that ranged in age from infants to the elderly, the expedition pointed their nine brand-new wagons west on a journey that would lead them into history. James Reed and his wife Margaret Reed was expelled from the wagon train for murder Click image to learn more The trek had been organized by James Reed, a businessman who hoped to prosper in California. He also sought to find a temperate climate that would alleviate his wife's physical maladies. George Donner, a sixty-year-old farmer was chosen as the wagon train's captain and the expedition took his name. They estimated it would take four months to accomplish their objective. As they traveled to the Mississippi River they joined other adventurers with the same goal until their caravan stretched for two miles while under way. Although tedious, their journey was uneventful until reaching the small trading post at Fort Bridger in modern-day Wyoming in mid-July. Here a fateful decision was made. Before leaving Illinois, James Reed had heard of a newly discovered route through the Sierra Nevada Mountains that promised to cut as many as 300 miles off their journey. It was at Fort Bridger that some eighty-seven members of the wagon train, including the Donner bothers and their families, decided to separate from the main body and travel this new route west. All of those who traveled the old route ended their journey safely. This was not the case with those who took the alternative path. The culprit was snow. As the Donner Party approached the summit of the Sierra Mountains near what is now Donner Lake (known as Truckee Lake at the time) they found the pass clogged with new-fallen snow up to six feet deep. It was October 28, 1846 and the Sierra snows had started a month earlier than usual. They retreated to the lake twelve miles below where the hapless pioneers were trapped, unable to move forward or back. Shortly before, the Donner family had suffered a broken axle on one of their wagons and fallen behind. Also trapped by the snow, they set up camp at Alder Creek six miles from the main group. Each camp erected make-shift cabins and horded their limited supply of food. The snow continued to fall, reaching a depth of as much as twenty feet. Hunting and foraging were impossible and soon they slaughtered the oxen that had brought them from the East. When this meat was consumed, they relied on the animals' tough hides. But it was not enough. Starvation began to take its toll. With no other remedy at hand, the survivors resorted to cannibalism. In mid-December a group of fifteen donned makeshift snowshoes and trudged through blizzard conditions in an attempt to break through the pass and into California. Seven (five women and two men) survived to alert the community at Sutter's Fort of the Donner Party's plight. A series of four rescue parties were launched with the first arriving at the Donner camp in late February. Between them, the rescuers were able to the lead forty-eight of the original eighty-seven members of the party to safety in California. 'We pray the God of mercy to deliver us from our present calamity.' Patrick Breen was a member of the Donner Party and kept a diary of their ordeal during the winter of 1846-47. His description was first published as an article in a Nashville, TN newspaper in the spring of 1847 and later in a book published in 1879. We join his story about three weeks after the Donner Party arrived at the blocked pass: Truckey's Lake. November 20, 1846 Came to this place on the thirty-first of last month; went into the pass; the snow so deep we were unable to find the road, and when within three miles from the summit, turned back to this shanty on Truckey's Lake; Stanton came up one day after we arrived here; we again took our teams and wagons, and made another unsuccessful attempt to cross incompany with Stanton; we returned to this shanty; it continued to snow all the time. We now have killed most part of our cattle, having to remain here until next spring, and live on lean beef, without bread or salt. It snowed during the space of eight days, with little intermission, after our arrival, though now clear and pleasant, freezing at night; the snow nearly gone from the valleys. Donner Pass November 21. Fine morning; wind northwest; twenty-two of our company about starting to cross the mountains this day, including Stanton and his Indians. Same weather; wind west; the expedition cross the mountains returned after an unsuccessful attempt. Cloudy; looks like the eve of a snow-storm; our mountaineers are to make another trial to-morrow, if fair; froze hard last night. Still snowing; now about three feet deep; wind west; killed my last oxen to-day; gave another yoke to Foster; wood hard to begot. Snowing fast; looks as likely to continue as when it commenced; no living thing without wings can get about. Still snowing; wind west; snow about six or seven and a half feet deep; very difficult to get wood, and we are completely housed up; our cattle all killed but two or three, and these, with the horses and Stanton's mules, all supposed to be lost in the snow; no hopes of finding them. Beautiful sunshine; thawing a little; looks delightful after the long storm; snow seven or eight feet deep. The morning fine and clear; Stanton and Graves manufacturing snow-shoes for another mountain scrabble; no account of mules. Fine weather; froze hard last night; wind south-west; hard work to find wood sufficient to keep us warm or cook our beef. Commenced snowing about eleven o'clock; wind northwest; took in Spitzer yesterday, so weak that he cannot rise without help; caused by starvation. Some have scanty supply of beef; Stanton trying to get some for himself and Indians; not likely to get much. Snowed fast all night, with heavy squalls of wind; continues to snow; now about seven feet in depth. 14 Snows faster than any previous day; Stanton and Graves, with several others, making preparations to cross the mountains on snow-shoes; snow eight feet on a level. Fair and pleasant; froze hard last night; the company started on snow-shoes to cross the mountains; wind southeast. Pleasant; William Murphy returned from the mountain party last evening; Baylis Williams died night before last; Milton and Noah started for Donner's eight days ago; not returned yet; think they are lost in the snow. Last night; thawing to-day; wind northwest; a little singular for a thaw. The Donner Party caught in the snow Dec. Clear and pleasant; Mrs. Reed here; no account from Milton yet. Charles Burger started for Donner's; turned back; unable to proceed; tough times but not discouraged. Our hope is in God. Milton got back last night from Donner's camp. Sad news; Jacob Donner, Samuel Shoemaker, Rhinehart, and Smith are dead; the rest of them in a low situation; snowed all night, with a strong southwest wind. 23 Clear to-day; Milton took some of his meat away; all well at their camp. Began this day to read the 'Thirty Days' Prayers;' Almighty God, grant the requests of unworthy sinners! Rained all night, and still continues; poor prospect for any kind of comfort, spiritual or temporal. Began to snow yesterday, snowed all night, and snows yet rapidly; extremely difficult to find wood; uttered our prayers to God this Christmas morning; the prospect is appalling, but we trust in Him. Cleared off yesterday, and continues clear; snow nine feet deep; wood growing scarce; a tree, when felled, sinks into the snow and is hard to be got. Last of the year. May we, with the help of God, spend the coming year better than we have the past, which we propose to do if it is the will of the Almighty to deliver us from our present dreadful situation. Morning fair, but cloudy; wind east by south; looks like another snow¬storm. Snow-storms are dreadful to us. The snow at present is very deep. We pray the God of mercy to deliver us from our present calamity, if it be His holy will. Commenced snowing last night, and snows a little yet. Provisions getting very scanty; dug up a hide from under the snow yesterday; have not commenced on it yet.' Fair during the day, freezing at night. Reed talks of crossing the mountains with her children. Fine morning; looks like spring. Reed and Virginia, Milton Elliott, and Eliza Williams started a short time ago with the hope of crossing the mountains; left the children here. It was difficult for Mrs. Reed to part with them. Eliza came back yesterday evening from the mountains, unable to proceed; the others kept ahead. Reed and the others came back; could not find their way on the other side of the mountains. They have nothing but hides to live on.' References: This eyewitness account appears in: McGlashin, C.F., History of the Donner Party (1879, republished 1918): Hough, Emerson, The Passing of the Frontier (1920); Stewart, George R., Ordeal by Hunger, the Story of the Donner Party (1936). How To Cite This Article: 'The Tragic Fate of the Donner Party, 1847' EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2009). Just when Michael arrives in Berlin to visit his ex-girlfriend Gabi, a terrible virus starts spreading across the city at a rapid pace, turning people into mindless homicidal maniacs. Much to Michael's concern, Gabi's not home; instead, he meets Harper, a teenage plumber's apprentice at work in her apartment block. Together, they manage to barricade themselves when raging hordes of infected people swarm the building. Surrounded by these thirsty zombies, Michael and Harper have their hands full to survive - and it will take all of their ingenuity to make their way out to try and find Gabi. You may see I have rated this movie an 9. Amazon.com: Rammbock: Berlin Undead (Bloody Disgusting Selects): Michael Fuith, Theo Trebs, Marvin Kren: Movies & TV. Apr 11, 2011 - 2 min - Uploaded by Bloody DisgustingBloody Disgusting.. Bloody Disgusting Selects and AMC Independent present NIGHT. Surely it doesn't reach the standards to become a new Night Of The Living Dead or 28 days later, but considering the low budget and the origin of this flick, well, boys have done very well. It all starts as any romantic comedy movie, but suddenly when you start to move on your chair thinking 'ok, in a few moments I will get introduced to mayhem' the director just trows it into you, like a uppercut in the jaw. Direct, brutal. Fast paced zombies, small spaces and a dirty and decay environment. It sure worth watching, specially considering it's only one hour length. You won't regret! DIRECTOR Screenwriter Companies Rating MPAA for some horror violence Storyline Just when Michael arrives in Berlin to visit his ex-girlfriend Gabi, a terrible virus starts spreading across the city at a rapid pace, turning people into mindless homicidal maniacs. Much to Michael's concern, Gabi's not home; instead, he meets Harper, a teenage plumber's apprentice at work in her apartment block. Together, they manage to barricade themselves when raging hordes of infected people swarm the building. Surrounded by these thirsty zombies, Michael and Harper have their hands full to survive - and it will take all of their ingenuity to make their way out to try and find Gabi. Verbatim plot from bloodydisgustingselects.com. I have watched scores of horror films of all genres, liked many and trashed quite a few, in this very portal. All said and done, this too is a '80s style horror film, with gore, campy effects, shambling zombies, evil doctors, half-naked females, scary hospitals and whatnot. There are loopholes aplenty, but can we really expect logic in a horror film? They are there for our entertainment - love them or leave them. In this film, the hospital scenes are satisfyingly eerie, the nurses and orderlies expectedly intimidating, and the lead female, Cheryl Lawson, attractive enough. Amazingly, in the apparently high security asylum, male and female patients freely intermingle, and even visit each others rooms. Now that creates certain possibilities:) Cheryl is endowed with a delicious figure and attractive good looks. Plus she runs around the corridors at night, wearing bikini-cut panties and a short slip. Amazingly, neither IMDb nor Wikipedia have any info on Cheryl till date. Seems a pity, considering that she carried the entire film on her. Shoulders?(I am kidding). Watchable for the antics of Cheryl, the evil doctor and the creepy hospital building, if nothing else. The idea of drenching zombies with holy water seems to be a novel one. Usually, they appear to be indestructible. Post-script: Can anybody explain to me why Hollywood zombies always want to attack and eat living humans? I mean, whats the logic behind it? Again I am searching for logic. The Dead Pit. The Dead Pit is a 1989 American horror film. It was co-written and directed by Brett Leonard, and is his directorial debut. Cheryl Lawson stars as a mental patient who must defeat an undead serial killer who previously worked at the asylum, played by Danny Gochnauer. How stupid of me:). This section needs expansion. You can help. (April 2015) The Dead Pit opens with Dr. Ramzi, a deviant who enjoys torturing his patients, being killed and buried in the basement of a mental health facility. Twenty years later, the hospital is running again and Jane Doe arrives at the institute. Upon her arrival, a major earthquake rocks the building and unearths the now undead Dr. Ramzi and his legion of zombie patients. Cast [ ] • as Dr. Gerald Swan • Cheryl Lawson as Jane Doe • Stephen Gregory Foster as Christian Meyers • Danny Gochnauer as Dr. Ramzi Production [ ] Filming took place at Agnew's Development Center in Santa Clara, California. Ken Kesey had previously used this as the setting for. Release [ ] The United States premiere was in October 1989. Home video [ ] • The original US VHS release from Imperial Entertainment housed the film in a relief cover that lit up the eyes of the main zombie when a button was pushed. This version was cut to receive an R-rating. • The US company Code Red DVD released the film on DVD June 17, 2008. Special features include commentaries from and late actor as well as interviews with both and Cheryl Lawson, the original theatrical trailer, and other trailers for upcoming Code Red releases. The version released by Code Red is an unrated director's cut, featuring six additional minutes of footage cut for an R rating. Reception [ ] The Dead Pit received positive reviews upon release from and Slaughterhouse. [ ] Fangoria later included the film in its 101 Best Horror Movies You've Never Seen, where they wrote, 'This serious attempt at horror never quite hits its mark, evolving into a series of gory laughs, which is what is so endearing about it.' Critic gave the film four stars (his highest rating) and praised lead Cheryl Lawson's screaming ability. Steve Barton of rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, 'For me, Dead Pit is more than a guilty pleasure. It’s a movie so bad that it's hard not to enjoy it.' Marc Patterson of Brutal as Hell called it 'low budget filmmaking at its finest'. Bill Gibron of rated it 2/5 stars and described it as 'a simple slasher film upended by a Lucio Fulci inspired unnecessary unleashing of the living dead'. In The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, academic wrote, 'Leonard's uninvolving psychological horror revels in shock effects and disrupted narrative logic, poured into the tired dreamworld and asylum settings of Nightmare on Elm Street and Hellbound.' External links [ ] • on References [ ]. The Dark Knight Rises movie reviews & Metacritic score: It has been eight years since Batman vanished into the night, turning, in that instant, from hero to. The Tomatometer rating – based on the published opinions of hundreds of film and television critics – is a trusted measurement of movie and TV. Christian Bale as Batman in Christopher Nolan's 'Dark Knight Rises.' Credit Ron Phillips/Warner Brothers Pictures After seven years and two films that have pushed Batman ever deeper into the dark, the director has completed his postmodern, post-Sept. 11 epic of ambivalent good versus multidimensional evil with a burst of light. As the title promises, day breaks in “The Dark Knight Rises,” the grave and satisfying finish to Mr. Nolan’s operatic bat-trilogy. His timing couldn’t be better. As the country enters its latest electoral brawl off screen, Batman () hurtles into a parallel battle that booms with puppet-master anarchy, anti-government rhetoric and soundtrack drums of doom, entering the fray as another lone avenger and emerging as a defender of, well, what? Truth, justice and the American way? No — and not only because that doctrine belongs to Superman, who was bequeathed that weighty motto on the radio in August 1942, eight months after the United States entered and three years after Batman, ’s comic creation, hit. Times change; superheroes and villains too. The enemy is now elusive and the home front as divided as the face of Harvey Dent, a vanquished Batman foe. The politics of partisanship rule and grass-roots movements have sprung up on the right and the left to occupy streets and legislative seats. It can look ugly, but as they like to say — and as Dent says in the second part of the trilogy — the night is darkest before the dawn. The legacy of Dent, an activist district attorney turned murderous lunatic, looms over this one, the literal and metaphysical personification of good intentions gone disastrously wrong. (He looms even more in Imax, which is the way to see the film.) Eight years later in story time, Batman, having taken the fall for Dent’s death, and mourning the woman both men loved, has retreated into the shadows. Dent has been enshrined as a martyr, held up as an immaculate defender of law-and-order absolutism. Gotham City is quiet and so too is life at Wayne Manor, where its master hobbles about with a cane while a prowler makes off with family jewels (the intensely serious Mr. Nolan isn’t wholly humorless) and Gotham sneers about the playboy who’s mutated into a Howard Hughes recluse. Batman has always been a head case, of course: the billionaire orphan, a k a Bruce Wayne, who for assorted reasons — like witnessing the murder of his parents when he was a child — fights crime disguised as a big bat. Bruce’s initial metamorphosis, in exacts a high price: by the end of the second film, along with losing the girl and being branded a vigilante, Bruce-Batman rides virtually alone, save for Commissioner Gordon (Gary Oldman) and the Wayne family butler, Alfred (), a fussy uncle with a remarkable skill set. It’s central to where Mr. Nolan wants to take “The Dark Knight Rises” that Batman will be picking up new acquaintances, including a beat cop, John Blake (a charming ), and a philanthropist, Miranda Tate (). Bale’s Batman faces off with Tom Hardy as the anarchist Bane. Credit Ron Phillips/Warner Brothers Pictures Mr. Nolan again sets his machine purring with two set pieces that initiate one of the story’s many dualities, in this case between large spectacle and humanizing intimacies: one, an outlandishly choreographed blowout that introduces a heavy, Bane (Tom Hardy); the other, a quieter cat-and-bat duet between Bruce and a burglar, Selina Kyle (). After checking in with his personal armorer, Lucius Fox (Morgan Freeman), Bruce-Batman swoops into an intrigue that circles back to the first film and brings the series to a politically resonant conclusion that fans and op-ed bloviators will argue over long after this one leaves theaters. Once again, like his two-faced opponents and the country he’s come to represent, Batman begins, feared as a vigilante, revered as a hero. Much of the complexity has been directly written into the franchise’s overarching, seemingly blunt story of good versus evil. It’s an old, familiar tale that Mr. Nolan, in between juggling the cool bat toys, demure kisses, hard punches and loud bangs, has layered with open and barely veiled references to terrorism, the surveillance state and vengeance as a moral imperative. In “The Dark Knight Rises” Mr. Nolan, working from a script he wrote with his brother Jonathan, further muddies the good-and-evil divide with Bane. A swaggering, overmuscled brute with a scar running down his back like a zipper and headgear that obscures his face and turns his cultivated voice into a strangulated wheeze, Bane comes at Batman and Gotham hard. Fortified by armed true believers, Bane first beats Batman in a punishingly visceral, intimate fist-to-foot fight and then commandeers the city with a massive assault that leaves it crippled and — because of the explosions, the dust, the panic and the sweeping aerial shots of a very real-looking New York City — invokes the Sept 11 attacks. It’s unsettling enough that some may find it tough going. Anne Hathaway, with Christian Bale, is a burglar in “The Dark Knight Rises,” the trilogy’s finale. Credit Ron Phillips/Warner Brothers Pictures Watching a city collapse should be difficult, maybe especially in a comic-book movie. The specter of Sept. 11 and its aftermath haunt American movies, often through their absence though also obliquely, as in action films that adopt torture as an ineluctable necessity. Nolan, for his part, has been engaging Sept. 11 in his blockbuster behemoths, specifically in a vision of Batman who stands between right and wrong, principles and their perversions, because he himself incarnates both extremes. Nolan has also taken the duality that made the first film into an existential drama and expanded that concept to encompass questions about power, the state and whether change is best effected from inside the system or outside it. Gordon believes in its structures; Bane wants to burn it all down. Well, he needs to work it out. So will viewers, explicitly given the grim, unsettling vision of a lawless city in which the structures of civil society have fallen, structures that Batman has fought outside of. In a formally bravura, disturbingly visceral sequence that clarifies the stakes, Bane stands before a prison and, in a film with several references to the brutal excesses of the French Revolution — including the suitably titled — delivers an apocalyptic speech worthy of Robespierre. Invoking myths of opportunism, Bane promises the Gotham citizenry that courts will be convened, spoils enjoyed. “Do as you please,” he says, as Mr. Nolan cuts to a well-heeled city stretch where women in furs and men in silk robes are attacked in what looks like a paroxysm of revolutionary bloodlust. If this image of violent revolt resonates strongly, it’s due to Mr. Nolan’s kinetic filmmaking in a scene that pulses with realism and to the primal fear that the people could at any moment, as in the French Revolution, become the mob that drags the rest of us into chaos. Yet little is what it first seems in “The Dark Knight Rises,” whether masked men or raging rhetoric. Nolan isn’t overtly siding with or taking aim at any group (the wily Bane only talks a good people’s revolution), but as he has done before, he is suggesting a third way. Like Steven Soderbergh in a science-fiction freak-out in which the heroes are government workers, Mr. Nolan doesn’t advocate burning down the world, but fixing it. Video This Week’s Movies| July 20, 2012. Advertisement The ferocious, perversely uglified Mr. Hardy, unencumbered by Bane’s facial appliance, might have been able to dominate this one the way Mr. Ledger did the last, but that sort of monstrous, bigger-than-life turn would have been antithetical to this movie’s gestalt. The accomplished Mr. Bale continues to keep Batman at a remove with a tight performance that jibes with Mr. Nolan’s head-over-heart filmmaking. After repeatedly sending Batman down Gotham’s mean streets, Mr. Nolan ends by taking him somewhere new. That’s precisely the point of a late sequence in which he shifts between a multitude of characters and as many locations without losing you, his narrative thread or momentum. His playfulness with the scenes-within-scenes in his last movie, has paid off here. The action interludes are more visually coherent than in his previous Batman films and, as in “Inception,” the controlled fragmentation works on a pleasurable, purely cinematic level. But it also serves Mr. Nolan’s larger meaning in “The Dark Knight Rises” and becomes his final say on superheroes and their uses because, as Gotham rages and all seems lost, the action shifts from a lone figure to a group, and hope springs not from one but many. “The Dark Knight Rises” is rated PG-13 (Parents strongly cautioned). Phie Ambo's documentary chronicles a neuroscientist's use of meditation and mindfulness techniques to help troubled individuals Viewers may well find themselves entering a meditative state while watching Phie Ambo’s documentary chronicling the efforts of a leading neuroscientist to use meditation and mindfulness techniques to rewire the brains of people suffering from anxiety and stress. Following the University of Wisconsin’s Professor Richard J. Davidson as he applies his techniques to war veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and young children from ADD, among other things, Free the Mind doesn’t quite make its case in sufficiently persuasive fashion. But it does provide plenty of food for thought in its advocacy of using methods other than endless pharmaceuticals to cure crippling mental disorders. Richardson, who conducts his studies at the aptly named Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, describes himself as a formerly “closeted meditator” who only came out after meeting the Dalai Lama in 1992. Encouraged by the spiritual leader to apply the same methods he used to study depression and anxiety to the study of compassion and kindness, he proceeded to do just that via a process he calls “contemplative neuroscience.” The filmmaker, who spent a year with the scientist as he conducted his experiments, tracks their effects on two veterans severely traumatized by their wartime experiences. One is a former military interrogator haunted by the barbaric methods he employed: “I don’t know how many times I made someone soil himself,” he says forlornly, adding that he needs to take sleeping pills every night just to get some rest. Another subject is three-year-old foster child Will, who succumbs to horrific fear at the very thought of entering an elevator and who is prone to fits of slapping his own face uncontrollably. Augmenting the scenes depicting various experiments and treatments are related tidbits of information, such as the fact that more soldiers have committed suicide after returning home than were killed in combat and that studies have shown that emotional, rather than cognitive, intelligence is a far better predictor of success. Animated interludes vividly depict the effects on the brain of the techniques being employed. But while the individual case studies are certainly compelling, the film is ultimately too diffuse to prove its claims with sufficient rigor. While there’s no denying the laudableness of using such tools as “compassion meditation” to increase feelings of empathy, the information imparted here is too vague to be fully convincing. Opens May 3 (International Film Circuit) Production: Danish Documentary Director/screenwriter/director of photography: Phie Ambo Producer: Sigrid Dyekjaer Editor: Marion Tuor Composer: Johann Johannsson Not rated, 80 min. Contents • • • • • • • Installing FreeMind FreeMind is written in Java, so it will run on almost any system with a Java runtime environment. In order to make things easier for you, we've prepared installers for the most common desktop environments: Windows, Linux and Macintosh OS X. You may choose a minimum install that gives you only the basic FreeMind package or a maximum install, which includes plugins for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), Portable Document Format (PDF), reminders and help files. How to Free Your Mind. Mental freedom from our thoughts and feelings that dog us is a valuable skill to develop. Nothing is as wonderful and liberating as the ability. Free the Mind profiles the pioneering work of renowned psychologist Richard Davidson, who, by studying the practices of Tibetan monks and others, found that it is possible to rewire the brain through meditation and mental training exercises. Named one of Time Magazine's 100 most influential people in 2006, Dr. Feb 21, 2013 - 3 min - Uploaded by INTLFilmCircuitFREE THE MIND: Can You Rewire the Brain Just By Taking a Breath? International Film. System requirements Java Runtime Environment 1.6 or later. You can find a FreeMind installer including java or download Sun's Java from. Step-by-step overview • Install Java Runtime Environment if you do not have it. • Choose a FreeMind installation file by operating system. • Download the chosen installation file. • Install FreeMind. Download Choose among the following binaries of the current FreeMind 1.0.1, depending on your operating system: OS Download Size (MB) Note MS Windows 29 A smaller version without SVG export and PDF export. MS Windows 38 All-inclusive version Mac OS X 92 All-inclusive version. Information for Mac Maverick (10.9) and Mountain Lion (10.8) Users: After the download, the operating system reports the application to be broken. Please see for the solution. Mac OS X 10.6.8 150 All-inclusive version, still version 1.0.0. Users of version 10.6.8, please take this link; a different java version is included there. Please consider first checking the. Linux (currently still for the 0.9.0 version) 2.6 Please consider first checking the. Linux and other RPM-based distros like Fedora and Mandriva 2.8 See also. Any 29 A smaller version without SVG export and PDF export. Any 38 All-inclusive version eComStation 7.6 All-inclusive version For Linux, the installation procedure is. Older versions You can also download older versions; see. Source code You can download source code by browsing, looking for the files containing the '-src-' substring. Receiving news To receive news on latest releases, consider subscribing to. See also other of FreeMind project. The Story Behind the Fabulous Food There is always a story behind every good taco. The story behind ours goes back to 2010 in Austin, Texas where the mobile food truck scene was alive and thriving. That experience inspired us to bring our inspirations back with us to The Rock. In 2012 we purchased what used to be a filling station, built in 1960, in the heart of Little Rock. The mission was to take that experience and mold it with inspiration from cantinas in Mexico. The designs were carefully selected to bring guests We revamped the entire space and when you enter The Fold you are met with bright colors, vivacious dishes and a staff excited to make your family and friends our family and friends. Leaving the city for the wilds of Cornwall, Anglican priest Rebecca Ashton forms a volatile friendship with migrant worker Radka Dimitrova. Memories of her deceased. Step into the fold. It's perfectly safe. The folks in Mike Erikson's small New England town would say he's just your average, everyday guy. The Paperback of the The Fold by Peter Clines at Barnes & Noble. FREE Shipping on $25 or more! The Fold: Botanas & Bar located in Little Rock, Arkansas. Locally produced and thoughtfully prepared mexican, vegan and vegetarian dishes and cocktails. We crafted a bar menu that pairs perfectly with our Mexican fair. The bar is highlighted with modern Carrera marble, and our guests always delight in the indoor/outdoor feel throughout the space. The patio is newly renovated to provide access to guests all year long, and we are very proud to offer a furry friend patio to our four legged friends. Everything we do here is locally produced, and thoughtfully prepared to ensure our guests enjoy our creations and love being here just as much as we do. We are excited to bring more people into The Fold and we look forward to your visit! When The Fold begins, you learn that a teenage girl has drowned. The story then skips ahead 11 months and you then learn that the dead girl's mother, Rebecca, is an Anglican priest and the family has moved to the countryside. However, it's odd that Rebecca would be a priest and move to a new parish to serve considering that she isn't much good to others. This is because she is very screwed up and will not allow herself to get past her daughter's death. She is clearly stuckstuck in her marriage and stuck finding something productive with her life. A bit later, this clueless priest does some community volunteer work, although this isn't her choiceshe's more forced into it. However, working with these high-risk teens suddenly becomes important to her because the psychologically damaged Rebecca has taken a very volatile migrant worker, Radka, under her wing. But Rebecca is a messand instead of offering help or being professional, she begins to dream of Radka taking the place of the dead daughter. There are some serious problems with thismost notably that Rebecca already has another daughtera daughter she is neglecting and who needs her. She also ignores lots and lots of warning signs that Radka is a screwball herself. Radka is VERY explosive, manipulative and often attempts suicidepossibly to manipulate others or because she is a serious danger to herself. In psychological terms, she shows a lot of Borderline Personality traits and really needs professional help, not a well- meaning but completely inept priest. Where does all this lead? See the film if you are interested. Not that I said 'if you are interested'. This might be a problem because despite the subject matter, the film was curiously uninvolving and I had a hard time sticking with this one. I think much of it is because Rebecca was one of the more pathetic priests and mothers I've seen in a film and her cluelessness seemed bizarre for someone whose job is helping othersespecially because she is so unprofessional. It makes you think she became a priest by correspondence schoolnot by being an ordained member of the clergy. Making Rebecca a little less clueless and Radka a little less obviously dangerous would have made for a more believable film. As a result, the plot seemed mildly interesting but flawed. As for the acting and film making, it was pretty good but very, very low energy. Not a bad film overall but one that just left me awfully cold and unsatisfied. Additionally, when the film ended, there were many, many unanswered questionstoo many. |
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